{"id":626,"date":"2018-10-22T11:41:10","date_gmt":"2018-10-22T03:41:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.htoilmachine.com\/blog\/?p=626"},"modified":"2018-10-22T12:07:47","modified_gmt":"2018-10-22T04:07:47","slug":"the-process-of-alkali-refining-linseed-oil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.htoilmachine.com\/blog\/oil-refining\/the-process-of-alkali-refining-linseed-oil\/","title":{"rendered":"The Process of Alkali Refining Linseed Oil"},"content":{"rendered":"

Linseed oil comes from flax seeds which are harvested\u00a0from the same flax plant that produces the fibers used to make linen. Artists have been using linseed oil for centuries to make paints, mediums and varnishes. It is widely used today, not only in artist materials, but also for a wide range of industrial applications and as a dietary supplement. Linseed oil dries relatively fast and produces a durable, flexible paint film. The term alkali refined, when used in relation to oils, refers to the way the oil is extracted from the seed and subsequently clarified. This article will describe the alkali refining process and how it produces a high quality oil for use in artist paints and mediums.\u00a0Williamsburg Handmade Oil Colors uses alkali refined linseed oil in all of our paints, except for our twelve safflower oil colors.<\/p>\n

Extraction<\/h4>\n

All linseed oil starts with flax seeds that are harvested and cleaned. Seeds used to produce alkali refined oil are then optionally toasted or dried, then rolled. Putting the seed through rollers cracks the tough outer shell and turns the seed into a coarse meal. The meal is then heated and hydrated with steam to prepare it for pressing. Adding heat and moisture to the pressing process increases the yield of oil compared to just using pressure to crush the seeds. The drawback from heating and hydrating during pressing, is that the oil contains more plant matter and impurities that have to be removed through refining. After heat pressing, the remaining oil in\u00a0the meal can be removed through solvent extraction using hexane. The solvent is then separated from the oil through distillation and reclaimed for future use.<\/p>\n

Removal of Impurities<\/h4>\n

The crude oil then goes through a number of refining processes<\/a> to remove plant matter, colorants, proteins, waxes, and other impurities to make a clean, stable binder for oil painting and other applications. Acid washing is the first step in this process. Sometimes called degumming, this step helps to remove mucilage, a thick sticky substance, by mixing the oil with water and citric acid under a vacuum at a temperature\u00a0around 80\u2070 C \/ 180\u2070 F (1). These conditions hydrate\u00a0free fatty acids called phospholipids that are\u00a0contained within\u00a0the mucilage.\u00a0This process links the phospholipids (and the mucilage) to the water and drags them out of the oil\u00a0in the form of\u00a0a sludge.<\/p>\n

Alkali Refining<\/h4>\n

An alkaline solution, such as a dilute, aqueous sodium hydroxide, is then added to the tank. This higher PH solution neutralizes the citric acid and forms soaps around the mucilage and remaining free fatty acids. The soaps and the impurities they contain, are then removed through centrifuging.\u00a0Alkali refining is a very effective\u00a0method for\u00a0capturing mucilage and other impurities, but the drawback is that it flushes free fatty acids from the oil. While reducing the number of free fatty acids is beneficial to create a clear, light colored oil that yellows less over time,\u00a0it is necessary\u00a0to have a certain amount of free fatty acids in the oil to improve wetting of pigments and flexibility of the paint film. In order to facilitate the proper number of free fatty acids in alkali refined linseed oil, manufacturers recapture and clean the\u00a0free fatty acids removed during degumming, and then add them back into the oil in varying amounts depending on the desired end product. However, before that step occurs, the oil is bleached and put through filtration.<\/p>\n

Bleaching and Final Filtering<\/h4>\n

Bleaching reduces pigments from the oil such as carotenoids and chlorophyll, in addition to residual \u201cphosphatides, soaps, traces of metals, oxidative products and proteins\u201d (Fediol). These impurities are removed through absorption into a special acid-treated bentonite clay that is mixed into the oil and activated by heat. After it absorbs all these impurities, the spent bentonite clay is then filtered out of the oil and recycled. The\u00a0almost fully\u00a0refined oil is then dewaxed either through a low-temperature winterization or by passing it through diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous earth is a natural substance comprised of the remains of silica-based aquatic organisms. This would be similar to passing the oil through exceedingly fine sand, but the shapes and sizes of the diatomaceous earth particles are variable and therefore more effective at capturing impurities and waxes. The oil is then passed through an advanced filtering system under pressure to remove any residual impurities and spent diatomaceous earth. The final step is to adjust the acid values by adding in free fatty acids to meet the needs of the end user.<\/p>\n

Benefits and Uses<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alkali refined linseed oil can be used effectively to make oil paint and oil painting mediums. Traditionally, cold pressed oils have been considered more effective for grinding paint because they have a higher acid number\u00a0which tends to\u00a0coat pigments more effectively than oils with lower acid numbers.\u00a0Fortunately,\u00a0today\u2019s alkali refined oils are available with a variety of acid numbers to optimize wetting of pigment, drying, and yellowing. Alkali refining linseed oil produces a\u00a0light, straw-colored\u00a0oil which is thought to yellow less over time than linseed oils that have not been refined. This is due to the reduced number of free fatty acids and plant matter in the oil.\u00a0Alkali refined oils are\u00a0also consistent in their acid numbers, color, and cleanliness, making them a reliable choice for manufacturers. As dedicated as we are to alkali-refined linseed oil, we continue to test a variety of oils\u00a0for dry time, film integrity and color stability.\u00a0In addition, we have also explored more traditional refining methods since these might present advantages or qualities often overlooked or lost in the drive for more efficient, industrial processes. Ultimately, Williamsburg Handmade Oil Colors is committed to exploring materials guided by science, research, and the insights from the conservation community. So, if another oil or method looks promising, we would not hesitate to consider that option. But, for now at least, alkali refined linseed oil remains the best choice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Linseed oil comes from flax seeds which are harvested\u00a0from the same flax plant that produces the fibers used to make linen. Artists have been using linseed oil for centuries to make paints, mediums and varnishes. It is widely used today, not only in artist materials, but also for a wide range of industrial applications and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":627,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3],"tags":[127,260,466],"yoast_head":"\nThe Process of Alkali Refining Linseed Oil - Edible Oil Expeller Machinery<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.htoilmachine.com\/blog\/oil-refining\/the-process-of-alkali-refining-linseed-oil\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Process of Alkali Refining Linseed Oil - Edible Oil Expeller Machinery\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Linseed oil comes from flax seeds which are harvested\u00a0from the same flax plant that produces the fibers used to make linen. Artists have been using linseed oil for centuries to make paints, mediums and varnishes. 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